Saturday, October 20, 2012

How the brain forms categories

ScienceDaily (Oct. 19, 2012) ? How do we manage to recognize a friend's face, regardless of the light conditions, the person's hairstyle or make-up? Why do we always hear the same words, whether they are spoken by a man or woman, in a loud or soft voice? It is due to the amazing skill of our brain to turn a wealth of sensory information into a number of defined categories and objects. The ability to create constants in a changing world feels natural and effortless to a human, but it is extremely difficult to train a computer to perform the task.

At the IMP in Vienna, neurobiologist Simon Rumpel and his post-doc Brice Bathellier have been able to show that certain properties of neuronal networks in the brain are responsible for the formation of categories. In experiments with mice, the researchers produced an array of sounds and monitored the activity of nerve cell-clusters in the auditory cortex. They found that groups of 50 to 100 neurons displayed only a limited number of different activity-patterns in response to the different sounds.

The scientists then selected two basis sounds that produced different response patterns and constructed linear mixtures from them. When the mixture ratio was varied continuously, the answer was not a continuous change in the activity patters of the nerve cells, but rather an abrupt transition. Such dynamic behavior is reminiscent of the behavior of artificial attractor-networks that have been suggested by computer scientists as a solution to the categorization problem.

The findings in the activity patters of neurons were backed up by behavioral experiments with mice. The animals were trained to discriminate between two sounds. They were then exposed to a third sound and their reaction was tracked. Whether the answer to the third tone was more like the reaction to the first or the second one, was used as an indicator of the similarity of perception. By looking at the activity patters in the auditory cortex, the scientists were able to predict the reaction of the mice.

The new findings that are published in the current issue of the journal Neuron, demonstrate that discrete network states provide a substrate for category formation in brain circuits. The authors suggest that the hierarchical structure of discrete representations might be essential for elaborate cognitive functions such as language processing.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, via AlphaGalileo.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Brice Bathellier, Lyubov Ushakova, Simon Rumpel. Discrete Neocortical Dynamics Predict Behavioral Categorization of Sounds. Neuron, 2012; 76 (2): 435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.008

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/EKSYG81c3_U/121019092933.htm

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Friday, October 19, 2012

Your Brain On FoodYour Health Journal | Your Health Journal

From CNN?..

We all know that what you eat can change your physical appearance. It also alters how your body functions, making it more or less difficult to pump blood, grow healthy bones or process insulin.

New research presented this week at the Neuroscience 2012 conference suggests that what you eat can even alter your brain ? and vice versa.

Timothy Verstynen and his colleagues used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe the brain activity in 29 adults. The study participants were shown words on a screen in various colors and asked to identify the color, not the word. Sometimes it was easy ? the word red printed in red; other times it was harder, like seeing the word red printed in blue.

The overweight and obese participants? brains showed more activity during difficult questions, suggesting they were working harder to get the same answers.
Verstynen said the results imply that obese people are less efficient at making complex decisions, which could be important for controlling impulse behavior.

His team theorizes that unhealthy eating choices can lead to disrupted brain connections that lead to weakened brain performance, which can lead to making more unhealthy choices.

In other words, it?s a vicious cycle.

A second study, presented by Dr. Tony Goldstone, showed the brain?s orbitfrontal cortex may play a big role in how people make food choices. This area encodes the ?value? of a food, Goldstone said ? i.e. how rewarding or pleasurable it will be to eat.

Study participants were asked to fast overnight. In the morning they were given a breakfast of about 700 calories and shown photos of food while hooked up to an MRI machine. They were asked to fast again before another visit; the following morning they were not given breakfast and then shown the same photos.

To read the full story?..Click here

Source: http://www.lensaunders.com/wp/?p=5678

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Belfast judge: Gay, unmarried couples can adopt

BELFAST, Northern Ireland (AP) ? Unmarried and same-sex couples in Northern Ireland should be allowed to adopt children, a Belfast judge ruled Thursday, overturning a 1987 adoption law that discriminated against both groups.

Gay rights activists praised the ruling in favor of a lawsuit pursued by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. But Health Minister Edwin Poots, an evangelical Protestant opposed to gay partnerships, said the government would appeal.

Belfast High Court Justice Seamus Treacy ruled that the law clearly violated European human rights laws on privacy and discrimination.

Other parts of the United Kingdom already permit gay and unmarried heterosexual couples to adopt children. But Northern Ireland's law restricted applicants to married couples and single adults, including homosexuals.

Northern Ireland's chief commissioner for human rights, Michael O'Flaherty, said the successful lawsuit "sought to protect the best interests of the child. Given the high numbers of children in care, who need a family in Northern Ireland, the importance of this case in widening the pool of prospective parents cannot be overstated."

More than 2,500 children in Northern Ireland are in state care awaiting adoption.

John O'Doherty, director of a Northern Ireland gay rights group called the Rainbow Project, denounced the government plans to appeal the judgment as "wasting public money on a fool's errand."

He accused Poots of "allowing his personal prejudices to influence his public responsibilities."

Northern Ireland, like the rest of the UK, legalized civil partnerships for gay people in 2005. Two years later Britain devolved most government powers to a cross-community government of British Protestants and Irish Catholics, most of them religious conservatives.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/belfast-judge-gay-unmarried-couples-adopt-122900278.html

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Small Business Marketing Gangnam Style!

If you like this post, please say thanks by sharing it!

Small Business Marketing Gangnam Style!

Unless you have been living in a hole or or you have head your head buried in the sand for a few weeks, it?s been pretty impossible to miss the phenomenon that is the Korean music ?star? PSY?s Gangnam Style hit song!

Please don?t ask me what it is or what it means but if you haven?t seen it, I?ve added his video to the bottom of this post? please don?t get too excited or embarrass yourself by attempting to do the dance in the office? ?believe me, they never let you forget it? errr? ok, well maybe that was just me!

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Small Business marketing Gangnam Style

In case you haven?t seen it, the Korean music star pops some hilarious dance moves while wearing his trademark sunglasses, tuxedo and loafers and has enjoyed global fame since his video?s release. In fact check these stats?

As of October 17, 2012, the music video has been viewed over 480 million times on YouTube and is the site?s 7th most watched video!

This goes to show how much websites like YouTube are an integral part of our daily lives and just how they can explode with videos going viral across the globe. Justin Bieber shot to stardom through it. So did PSY, who was previously only popular in his home country of Korea.

If you think how big Gangnam style is thanks to youtube, surely this shows how vital video marketing is on probably a much smaller scale, to small business owners and marketers.

When it comes to marketing, using video and sites like YouTube gives everyone a level playing field to compete on, whether you are a sole trader or a multi-national business. ?Videos help you build not only stronger relationships but they help you do it significantly quicker too!

It can be used to build much stronger relationships with your clients and prospects if you are prepared to stand in front of a camera and talk? not something everybody is comfortable with I know, but if you can do it, you definitely make a bigger impact and grow your reputation.

Of course there are other ways you can get your message out there with video. You can create powerpoint presentations and then play them and speak over the presentation, just using a cheap microphone like this one from Amazon. ?Use a free screen service like Screenr and you are away and making videos!

Create your own Youtube channel and upload your videos!?Of course you need to get metaphorical ?bums on seats? so you need to tell people you?ve made a video and uploaded it to youtube?

Here?s a quick tip? Youtube, like Google likes to show videos that are popular and the more popular they are and the speed in which they get views is vitally important. So, when you are ready to upload a video, make sure you have a strategy in place that you can immediately roll out to get views. So do this?.

  1. Make your video and have it ready to upload to Youtube
  2. Write an email and a blogpost explaining the content of your video and what people can learn from it and have it ready to send out
  3. Upload your video, add the youtube link to your email campaign and immediately send the email to your database.
  4. Then instantly share the video on all your other social media channels like facebook and twitter
  5. Add the video to your blog and publish it

If you do all these things at once and you get views quickly, youtube will see it?s popular and push it up the rankings, resulting in even more views!

Here are a few pointers for a successful video marketing campaign:

1. Like everything in your marketing, what is of upmost importance is the quality of your content! Try and make your videos and the ideas you include to be catchy, unique and interesting. Encourage people to share and give people something interesting to talk about with their friends.

2. Ensure you are consistent in the messages and the core values to present. This is all part of your brand and reputation that will help you build a community and a following.

3. To make sure you connect with the viewers of your videos, make them personal, honest and ensure you maintain integrity? talk about what you know about in a personal way that communicates your personality. Be genuine as people will see straight through you if you pretend to be something you are not! They should feel that your videos add value and really help them and definitely don?t just sell! Of course you can add calles to action in appropriate place but if you make it all about selling you will turn people off!

4. Like all social media, interract with people who comment. Always try and reply and converse with people and obviously a good way of getting ideas for future videos is to ask people to add questions that you can respond to with more videos.

So ultimately, if you are not using video marketing as part of your small business marketing strategy, then just give it a go!

See how easy it is to be a success? if PSY can do it with Gangnam Style, then so can YOU!

Check his video out below to see what all the fuss is about? and as always, leave your comments at the foot of this post!

A free small business marketing guide

  • You have a small business??
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Small business marketing success is the first step to boosting your business - subscribe now.

Source: http://www.printrepublicblog.com/small-business-marketing-gangnam-style/

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A Ray of Hope

Every day until the election, Slate will offer up one reason to be optimistic for your candidate.

Today?s Good News for Obama: At Slate, we?ve talked a lot about how much the presidential candidates are spending on ads. But who?s getting more bang for his buck? President Obama?s ads are more effective in changing voters? preferences, according to a recent study. While Mitt Romney?s ads had little effect on his support, respondents who watched Obama?s ads preferred Obama over Romney 48 percent to 39 percent. And voters who saw both Romney and Obama ads preferred Obama by a 48-41 margin. The study also tested the ?Disappointed? ad produced by the super PAC Americans for Prosperity. Male voters who watched the ad supported Romney by 1 percent more than the control group, but there was a 5 point drop in female voter support for Romney. It turns out Romney?s ads aren?t helping him much?and they might actually be hurting him.

Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=077e8507dbeef6fcd353bf86a3a88316

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Aggressive or annoying? Some find debate too rude

FILE - In this Oct. 16, 2012 file photo, President Barack Obama and Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney exchange views during the second presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, N.Y. They interrupt each other, bicker and ignore the moderator. Romney poses his own questions and demands answers. ?That?s not true,? Obama huffs over and over. This is presidential conduct? It was squirm-inducing for some viewers. But the candidates have little to lose by cranking up the heat in a tight face, where the focus is on persuading the undecided and firing up their fans. (AP Photo/David Goldman, File)

FILE - In this Oct. 16, 2012 file photo, President Barack Obama and Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney exchange views during the second presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, N.Y. They interrupt each other, bicker and ignore the moderator. Romney poses his own questions and demands answers. ?That?s not true,? Obama huffs over and over. This is presidential conduct? It was squirm-inducing for some viewers. But the candidates have little to lose by cranking up the heat in a tight face, where the focus is on persuading the undecided and firing up their fans. (AP Photo/David Goldman, File)

WASHINGTON (AP) ? This is presidential? They bicker, interrupt, talk over the moderator.

To some, the Obama-Romney rematch was squirm-inducing. But shedding some dignity probably won't cost the candidates much. Since both President Barack Obama and challenger Mitt Romney came out swinging, neither was likely to claim a decisive advantage among viewers who thought the debate smacked of the wrong type of reality TV. And many backers who were already lined up on the two sides of the super-heated race were looking for a scrappy face-off.

"In the world of 'The Real Housewives,' everybody needs to turn over a table from time to time," said Evan Cornog, dean of the Communications School at Hofstra University, where Tuesday night's debate took place. "How good that is for the republic, I don't know."

The presidency isn't a person, it's an institution. And Americans traditionally expect presidents seeking re-election to maintain a certain level of decorum. Challengers get more leeway but still are expected to pay deference to the office of chief executive, if not to the man. Maybe that tradition is doomed in a conflict-addicted popular culture where even television cooking shows are "throwdowns."

Can the notion of the dignity of office survive the era of flash analysis, when a phrase like "binders full of women" launches a thousand Internet jokes ? while the debate's still in progress ? and campaigns spin the matchup into attack ads within hours?

The tone of Tuesday's faceoff was embraced by Democrats who were dismayed by Obama's dreary performance in the first of this year's three debates. They had urged him to adopt a more brass-knuckles style.

When Obama stepped up to meet Romney's hard-charging persona, the result was a presidential campaign matchup that stands out as one of the most rancorous on live TV, especially for an event in which the candidates were onstage with everyday folks, fielding their earnest questions. Whether that was good or bad, it was one of the most exciting to watch.

Romney turned to the president and posed his own accusatory questions, demanding answers. When Romney made a point, Obama would shoot back, "Governor, that's not true." Six times he declared Romney's words "not true."

Maribeth McCarthy of Alexandria, Va., said watching the back-and-forth left her wishing that moderator Candy Crowley could bang a giant gong whenever someone fibbed.

"I don't understand how it's right for people to call each other liars on stage," said McCarthy, a vice president at a financial institution, who said she expects to vote for Obama but wasn't happy with either candidate in the debate. "How on earth would we know who's right?"

Texas A&M associate professor Jennifer Mercieca, who tuned in as part of her job, felt a similar distaste.

"Every time they would talk over each other or talk over the moderator, for me, it was cringe-worthy," said Mercieca, who studies presidential communications. "It was unpleasant to see."

Fidel "Butch" Montoya, a Denver pastor still mulling his vote, said the debate did seem less presidential but he liked watching the candidates "going face to face, nose to nose."

"I enjoyed it because I think too often debates are cold, a waste of time," said Montoya, who's leaning toward Romney but waiting for the final debate to make up his mind.

Alan Schroeder, a journalism professor at Northeastern University who wrote a book on presidential debates, said plenty of them over the years have been downright dull ? and this one was lively, even when it ran over the scheduled 90 minutes. So there's nothing wrong with turning up the heat a bit, he suggests.

"I think debates should be entertaining," he said. "It's political theater."

Debates traditionally are better at energizing a candidate's supporters, at building voter turnout, than they are at changing minds or reaching the elusive undecided voters, Schroeder said.

In theory, Tuesday's event was focused on the narrow sliver of undecideds. The questions came from among a pool of 82 voters chosen specifically because they still called themselves uncommitted to either candidate three weeks before Election Day.

"It was for a town hall debate particularly aggressive," Schroeder said. "There's always a risk involved in that. Because the people in the audience are there to hear their questions answered, not to watch a struggle between the two candidates."

But Schroeder felt the candidates didn't go too far: "It was sharp, but it was never out of bounds."

The candidates made a point of looking their questioners in the eye, calling them by name and voicing sympathy for their concerns. But over and over, Obama or Romney quickly pivoted from addressing a voter to assailing the other fellow. Often they talked right through their time limits.

At one point Crowley implored Romney to shorten his answer: "Do you see all these people?" she said. "They've been waiting for you."

At another moment ? with Romney trying to make a point about investment in China by asking Obama over and again, "Have you looked at your pension?" ? Crowley firmly asked the former Massachusetts governor to sit down.

It's probably too early to say whether Tuesday's show and the fiery vice presidential faceoff between Joe Biden and Paul Ryan might signal a more aggressive style of political debate for a coarsening American culture.

"What does this foretell?" Cornog asked. "Is it a trend? Or is it just an artifact of Romney's Hail Mary pass in the first debate, and the president's people deciding they have to match that strategy?"

Plenty of viewers found the event "too rude," Cornog said, but there won't be many consequences for Romney or Obama, so long as both are perceived as equal offenders.

"If you didn't like it," he said. "You really don't have any place to go as a voter."

___

Associated Press writer Kristen Wyatt in Denver contributed to this report.

___

Follow Connie Cass on Twitter: http://www.Twitter.com/ConnieCass

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2012-10-17-Debate-How%20Presidential/id-a88674a76f874d18b9e6ca1efa5769c6

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